Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis system

Grants

Funding Acknowledgements

Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project is provided by the Physical Sciences Division of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Some computing was also performed on NOAA's Remotely Deployed High Performance Computing Systems.P. Brohan's (UK Met Office) extensive work on ICOADS and on the marine bias correction algorithm used in 20CRv3 is gratefully acknowledged. M. Benoy for the Citizen Science Unit of the Australian Meteorological Association, working with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, is gratefully acknowledged for ongoing support. Collaborations with N. Rayner and the UK Met Office in the development, production, and use of HadISST boundary conditions are gratefully acknowledged. H. Maechel's (DWD) contribution of German climate observations is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to acknowledge the consultants of NERSC for their help with implementing the 20CRv3 system. The authors would also like to thank the following individuals for their invaluable contributions of observations to the ISPD: L. Alexander (University of New South Wales), M. Barriendos (University of Barcelona), T. Brandsma (KNMI), Y. Brugnara (University of Bern), O. Bulygina (All-Russia Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information), A. Dawson (University of Aberdeen), J. Filipiak (University of Gdansk), P. Groisman (NC State University Research Scholar at NOAA NCEI), J. Holopainen (University of Helsinki), D. Jones (Australian Bureau of Meteorology), T. Jonsson (Icelandic Met Office), J. A. Lopez (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, Madrid), O. Mestre (Meteo-France), A. Moberg (Stockholm University), O. Nordli (Norwegian Meteorological Institute), M. Rodwell (ECMWF), T. Schmith (Danish Meteorological Institute), L. Srnec (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service), M. Tolstykh (Hydrometcentre of Russia), N. Westcott (Midwestern Regional Climate Center), and P. Woodworth (National Oceanography Centre, UK). IBTrACS data are courtesy of K. Knapp (NOAA/NCEI). P. Laloyaux (ECMWF) is thanked for discussions regarding tropical cyclone representation. The efforts of the NCAR Data Engineering and Curation section, especially D. Schuster, R. Conroy, and C.-F. Shih are acknowledged. The technical support of the IT group of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division is acknowledged. Partial support from SwissRe and collaboration with P. Zimmerli is acknowledged. Comments from A. Shlyaeva (CIRES/NOAA) and two anonymous reviewers improved this manuscript.J. Kennedy was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and DEFRA. M. Brunet acknowledges Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)/Data Rescue Service (DRS) (contract code: ATT 3670; FENIX: T17088S). J. Gergis was funded by Australian Research Council Project DE130100668. E. Hawkins was supported by the UK National Centre for Atmosphere Science. A. Kaplan acknowledges the 2002 grant from the LDEO Climate Center and NOAA awards NA03OAR4320179 and NA17OAR4310156. The research work of R. Przybylak and P. Wyszyski was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant nos. DEC-2012/07/B/ST10/04002 and 2015/19/B/ST10/02933). M. A. Valente acknowledges Instituto Dom Luiz - Faculty of Science of the University of Lisbon, Instituto Portugues do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Instituto Geofisico do Porto, Instituto Geofisico da Universidade de Coimbra, projects SIGN (FCT-POCTI), ERA-CLIM (FP7) and ERA-CLIM2 (FP7).The Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany is thanked for financial support to digitise, QC and analyse early instrumental meteorological data across the world. The following people are financially supported by the University of Giessen and digitised subdaily pressure data: L. Dergianli, G. Kelly, D. Xoplaki, V. Iakovoglou, E. Kaimasidou, E. Tsalkitzidou, M. Athanasiou, L. Ferger, A. Megalou, C. Chandolia, E. Fleitmann, P. Zafeiropoulou, N. Kong, M. Ostheimer, S. Dafka, K. Pometti, N. Gouta, P. Katsaouni, Z. Theorchari, A. Theocharis, F. Williams, J. Schermuly, C. Mett, L. Theile, J. Zuckermann, P. Strehlau, C. Samaras, A. Tsikerdekis, C. Athanasiou, J. Braun, T. Sperzel, J. Damster, N. Luther, M. Miltscheff-Petroff, M. Kelbling, D. Griechbaum, M. Hansgen and J. Viezens. L. Dergianli is acknowledged for QC, coordination, management and preparation of all University of Giessen data. S. Jourdain, M. A. Valente, M. Brunet, J. Luterbacher, R. J. Allan, G. P. Compo, P. Jones, S. Bronnimann, and A. Lorrey acknowledge Package 3 of the Copernicus Climate Change Service 311a Lot1 for Collection and Processing of In Situ Observations Data Rescue. J. Luterbacher and R. J. Allan acknowledge Climate Science for Service Partnership China Project (CSSP). J. Luterbacher also acknowledges the DAAD project "The Mediterranean Hot-Spot" and the JPI-Climate/Belmont Forum collaborative Research Action 'INTEGRATE, An integrated data-model study of interactions between tropical monsoons and extratropical climate variability and extremes'. S. Bronnimann additionally acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under H2020 (grant PALAEO-RA, 787574).GPCP data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their web site at (accessed 9 July 2019). The ERA-Interim, ERA-20C, and CERA-20C datasets are courtesy of ECMWF. The 20CR homepage is located at . The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views of opinions expressed herein, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of Colorado, NOAA, the Department of Commerce, or any other organization associated with this work.